This test is consisted of 100 multiple choice questions and one essay.

You have 120 minutes to do this examination. At the end of that time, you must submit or you will be taken to another page. Therefore, it is important that you time yourself with a watch.

1. The organelle is the smallest unit of matter having the capacity for life.

true
false

2. The instructions for each trait passed on from one generation to the next are found in

amino acids
carbon
deoxyribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid

3. Diversity found in living organisms is a result of

natural selection
homeostasis
aerobic respiration
metabolism

4. Energy is defined as the capacity to remain within tolerable limits.

true
false

5. A cell

is the basic living unit.
is able to survive and live on its own.
requires DNA, energy, and nutrients (raw materials).
all of the above

6. Which of the following is the most inclusive?

community
population
ecosystem
biosphere

7. Organisms that capture energy and make it available to all other forms of life are known as

consumers
decomposers
producers
all of the above

8. The compound most intimately associated with energy transfer in living organisms is

deoxyribonucleic acid
carbon
ATP
amino acids

9. What process induces variations in heritable traits?

artificial selection
metabolism
natural selection
mutation

10. Which is most likely to result in sampling error?

Taking a very large number of samples
Taking a very small number of samples

11. A scientific theory is considered a more substantiated explanation of a phenomenon than a scientific hypothesis.

true
false

12. Control groups are used to

decrease the cost of experiments
identify side effects of experiments
increase the number of variables
increase sampling error

13. The most recent evidence suggests that there should be

one kingdom
four kingdoms
five kingdom
six kingdoms

14. A community and its physical and chemical environment consitute

a population
the biosphere
an ecosystem
an organ system

15. The scientific name of an organism consists of the names of which two levels of classification?

kingdom and phylum
phylum and species
genus and species
family and order

16. Which of the following are prokaryotic?

the protistans
the bacteria
the fungi
all of the above

17. Natural selection is the outcome of heritable differences between individuals in which of the following?

metabolism
ability to maintain homeostasis
ability to collect energy
ability to survive and reproduce

18. A possible explanation of a specific phenomenon is called a

test
fact
hypothesis
prediction

19. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming more common as a result of

aerobic respiration
photosynthesis
homeostasis
natural selection

20. In nearly all cases, the one-way flow of energy through the biosphere starts with energy input from

the sun
ATP
deoxyribonucleic acid
aerobic respiration

21. A hydrophilic substance will hydrogen bond readily with water.

true
false

22. Ions are

charged atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons.
radioactive isotopes that give off alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.
electrically neutral fragments of a molecule that has been split apart.
none of the above

23. There are ___ naturally occurring elements found on earth.

47
63
92
114

24. A compound is

a physical mixture of two or more elements.
a chemical combination of elements whose proportions do not vary.
any substance that will dissolve in water.
the smallest unit of matter.

25. The half-life of a radioactive substance

is the length of time it takes for one-half of a radioactive sample to undergo decay.
cannot be modified by heat, pressure, chemical reactions, or other known pressures.
enables us to date artifacts and fossils with a high degree of precision.
all of the above

26. Sodium has eleven protons. How many electrons does it have in its outermost shell?

one
two
four
six

27. Chlorine, with an atomic number of 17, would be expected to have ___ electrons in its outer shell.

one
three
five
seven

28. A pH of 3 is ___ times more acidic than a pH of 5.

two
ten
twenty
one hundred

29. Which of the following statements is false?

Polar molecules are attracted to water and are hydrophilic.
Water tends to repel oil and nonpolar substances.
Water tends to stabilize temperature of substances that contain it.
Only during evaporation do hydrogen bonds in water break apart.

30. All forms of matter are made up of one or more naturally occurring fundamental substances called

atoms.
molecules.
ions.
compounds.

31. The negatively charged subatomic particle is the

nucleus.
neutron.
proton.
electron.

32. Isotopes of an element differ from other isotopes of the same element by the

number of protons.
number of neutrons.
functions of the isotope in a biological organism.
chemical properties of the isotope.

33. Which of the following includes the others?

atoms
electrons
protons
neutrons

34. A ___ is a substance with a radioisotope attached so that it can be tracked as it moves through a biological system.

ion
tracer
electron
element

35. What holds together the two strands of a DNA molecule?

polar ionic bonds
nonpolar ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
covalent bonds

36. The pH of blood is normally closest to

1
3
5
7

37. Which of the following atoms is least likely to enter into a chemical reaction?

carbon
hydrogen
sodium
helium

38. Compounds that release ions other than H⁺ or OH^- in solutions are called

buffers.
ions.
salts.
bases.

39. The maximum number of electrons in the shell closest to the nucleus is

one.
two.
four.
eight.

40. The only atom that has a nucleus with no neutrons is

oxygen.
hydrogen.
carbon.
helium.
41. Each carbon atom can share electrons with as many as ____ atoms.

two
four
six
eight

42. The main carbohydrate in the exoskeletons of insects and other arthropods is

glycogen.
amylose.
cellulose.
chitin.

43. All ___ have a rigid backbone of four fused-together carbon rings.

waxes
triglycerides
sterols
phospholipids

44. Peptide bonds link together long chains of

amino acids.
glucose subunits.
nucleic acids.
fatty acids.

45. The coenzymes NAD⁺ and FAD are

fatty acids.
amino acids.
nucleotides.
nucleic acids

46. Which of the following is not a protein?

insulin
hemoglobin
keratin
glycogen

47. DNA and RNA are examples of

fatty acids
nucleotides
nucleic acids
amino acids

48. Sucrose is formed from fructose and glucose by

a condensation reaction.
an electron transfer.
a rearrangement.
a cleavage reaction.

49. Glycogen, cellulose, and starch are all composed entirely of ______ subunits.

glucose
sucrose
fructose
amylose

50. A triglyceride is formed from glycerol and fatty acids by

a condensation reaction.
an electron transfer.
a rearrangement.
a cleavage reaction.

51. The energy-carrying molecule ATP is a type of

fatty acid.
nucleotide.
nucleic acid.
amino acid.

52. A saturated fatty acid has a carbon backbone held together entirely by single bonds.

true
false

53. Glycine, tyrosine, and cysteine are examples of

amino acids.
nucleotide bases.
nucleic acids.
coenzymes.

54. What are the most abundant lipids in the body?

sterols
waxes
phospholipids
triglycerides

55. What holds together the two strands of a DNA molecule?

polar ionic bonds
nonpolar ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
covalent bonds

56. What type of organic molecule consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio?

a lipid
a protein
a carbohydrate
a nucleic acid

57. What type of organic compound always includes a carboxyl group and an amino group?

a fatty acid
a nucleotide
a monosaccharide
an amino acid

58. What is the most abundant type of lipid in cell membranes?

phospholipids
waxes
triglycerides
sterols

59. What type of organic compound always includes a sugar, at least one phosphate group, and a base?

a fatty acid
a nucleotide
a monosaccharide
an amino acid

60. Keratin is an example of

a lipoprotein.
a fibrous protein.
a globular protein.
an enzyme.

61. In 1665, Robert Hooke saw a ______ in a microscope and named it a cell.

red blood cell
bacterium
cork cell
liver cell

62. A scanning tunneling microscope can provide magnifications of up to

1000.
100,000.
one million.
100 million.

63. Which of the following organelles is involved in lipid synthesis?

Golgi bodies
chloroplast
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria

64. Which of the following is a type of vesicles produced by the Golgi body?

lysosome
ribosome
chromoplast
nucleosome

65. The cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells is connected by tiny channels called

gap junctions.
adhering junctions.
nuclear pores.
plamodesmata.

66. Microtubles are composed of

keratin.
myosin.
tubulin.
actin.

67. Every flagellum arises from a

mitochondrion.
centriole.
ribosome.
peroxisome.

68. Which of the following would not be found in one of your liver cells?

peroxisomes
mitochondria
a central vacuole
ribosomes

69. Which of the following organelles is surrounded by a pore-riddled double membrane system?

a chloroplast
the nucleus
a mitochondria
the endoplasmic reticulum

70. A bacterium's DNA is found in a irregularly shaped region called the

nucleus.
nucleolus.
nucleoid.
solenoid.

71. The subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the

nucleus.
mitochondria.
peroxixomes.
Golgi bodies.

72. The fluid interior of a chloroplast is the

stroma.
granum.
central vacuole.
matrix.

73. Which organelle resembles a bacterium in its size and biochemistry?

the nucleus
a mitochondrion
a Golgi body
the endoplasmic reticulum

74. Which of the following is not considered part of the cell's cyctomembrane system?

rough ER
smooth ER
the Golgi bodies
the mitochondria

75. The ______imparts shape and internal organization to all eukaryotic cells.

endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
cytoskeleton
cell wall

76. Which of the following never have cell walls? ?

plant cells
fungal cells
bacteria
animal cells

77. The cells of higher organisms differ from a bacterial cell by

the presence of DNA.
their size, complexity, and many isolated organelles.
the presence of a plasma membrane.
the presence of a semifluid substance called cytoplasm.

78. DNA is stored in the

nucleus.
nucleolus.
endoplasmic reticulum.
vesicles.

79. Which of the following organelles has its own DNA and ribosomes?

mitochondria
lysosomes
Golgi bodies
peroxisomes

80. One molecule of DNA and the proteins associated with it constitute

the chromatin.
a chromosome.
the nucleoplasm.
the nucleolus.

81. Where would dark coloration be an adaptive trait for night-flying moth?

an area with high levels of air pollution
an area with a low level of air pollution

82. Which of the following kingdoms includes both single and multicelled forms?

Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Animalia

83. To which organism is Bufo americanus, the American toad, most closely related?

Bufo boreas
Ursus americanus
can't tell fom the names
equally related to both

84. Animals are all

eukaryotic
consumers
multicelled
all of the above

85. Which of the following are science unable to answer?

questions with subjective answers
questions that involve many variables
question about the biosphere
questions with objective answers

86. The atoms in molecules of O₂ or N₂ are held together by

ionic bonds
polar covalent bonds
nonpolar covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds

87. Which of the following has the lowest pH?

battery acid
black coffee
sea water
blood

88. The use of plants to withdraw harmful substances from the environment is called

photosynthesis.
biological magnification.
phytoremediation.
radiometric dating.

89. The internationally recognized symbol for the element sodium is

S.
So.
N.
Na.

90. How will the buffer system in your blood react if your blood becomes too basic?

Carbonic acid will release hydrogen ions.
Bicarbonate will release hydrogen ions.
Carbonic acid will bind to hydrogen ions.
Carbonic acid will bind to bicarbonate.

91. The atoms in molecules of O₂ or N₂ are held together by

ionic bonds
polar covalent bonds
nonpolar covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds

92. Which of the following has the lowest pH?

battery acid
black coffee
sea water
blood

93. The use of plants to withdraw harmful substances from the environment is called

photosynthesis.
biological magnification.
phytoremediation.
radiometric dating.

94. The internationally recognized symbol for the element sodium is

S.
So.
N.
Na.

95. How will the buffer system in your blood react if your blood becomes too basic?

Carbonic acid will release hydrogen ions.
Bicarbonate will release hydrogen ions.
Carbonic acid will bind to hydrogen ions.
Carbonic acid will bind to bicarbonate.

96. Thymine, adenine, and guanine are examples of

amino acids.
nucleotide bases.
nucleic acids.
coenzymes.

97. Which of the following is not a complex carbohydrate?

amylose
glycogen
glucose
cellulose

98. Breaking the weak bonds of a protein or any other large molecule, and so disrupting its shape, is called

condensation.
hydrolysis.
denaturation.
rearrangement.

99. Hydrolysis is a type of

condensation reaction.
electron transfer.
rearrangement.
cleavage reaction.

100. All organic compounds contain

nitrogen.
phosphorus.
carbon.
sulfur.

Essay question:

Describe the unique chemical property of the element Carbon, and explain why there are more organic compounds than inorganic compunds in living matters.